1. Plasma-Derived Therapies
Plasma-derived therapies, including immunoglobulins, clotting factors, and albumin, are critical for treating immune deficiencies, trauma, and hemophilia.
Southeast Asia (SEA):
- Immunoglobulin Demand:
- Current coverage meets less than 50% of patient needs, leaving a significant gap in treatment for primary immune deficiencies and autoimmune disorders (El Ekiaby et al., 2023).
- Many patients in rural areas remain untreated due to high costs and lack of plasma collection facilities.
- Emerging Solutions:
- Countries like Malaysia and Thailand are expanding plasma fractionation plants to address local demand and reduce reliance on imports.
Middle East and Africa (MEA):
- Immunoglobulin and Albumin Access:
- Access to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for immune deficiencies is limited, meeting less than 30% of the demand in many regions.
- Albumin, often used for trauma care and hypoalbuminemia, is in short supply due to high costs and import reliance.
- Challenges:
- Plasma wastage is common due to insufficient infrastructure for collection and processing.
- GMP compliance is a critical barrier to increasing local production capacity.
Latin America (LATAM):
- Immunoglobulin Use:
- Brazil and Argentina lead the region in IVIG usage, with robust healthcare systems supporting national supply chains.
- Rural areas face significant access barriers, leaving underserved populations without critical therapies.
- Albumin Demand:
- Rising use of albumin in critical care settings has increased demand, though pricing and distribution challenges remain.
Eastern Europe:
- Immunoglobulin and Clotting Factors:
- Domestic plasma fractionation programs in Russia and Poland are improving access, though rural regions still struggle with supply gaps.
- Clotting factors for hemophilia are more widely available than in MEA and SEA but remain insufficient for complete coverage.
2. Clotting Factors (Hemophilia Treatment)
Clotting factors, including Factor VIII and Factor IX, are essential for managing hemophilia A and B.
Southeast Asia (SEA):
- Hemophilia Care:
- Over 70% of hemophilia patients are untreated due to high costs and limited access to Factor VIII and IX therapies (Roth et al., 2001).
- Barriers:
- Distribution and affordability are major obstacles, especially in rural areas.
Middle East and Africa (MEA):
- Gaps in Hemophilia Treatment:
- Urban areas have limited access to clotting factor therapies, while rural areas remain largely underserved.
- Cost Barriers:
- High costs and reliance on imports hinder widespread use of recombinant therapies.
Latin America (LATAM):
- Access Disparities:
- Over 60% of hemophilia patients lack access to clotting factors due to pricing and distribution challenges (Roth et al., 2001).
- Advancements:
- Brazil is expanding domestic production of clotting factors, improving availability in urban areas.
Eastern Europe:
- Improving Access:
- Government-sponsored initiatives are increasing availability of clotting factors, especially in urban centers.
- Challenges:
- Awareness and access remain limited in rural regions.
3. Trauma Care Products
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and albumin are commonly used in trauma and critical care settings.
Southeast Asia (SEA):
- Trauma Care:
- Plasma and albumin are underutilized in rural trauma care due to logistical challenges and lack of emergency transfusion infrastructure.
- Emerging Practices:
- Countries are exploring expanded use of pre-hospital plasma to reduce mortality in trauma patients.
Middle East and Africa (MEA):
- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP):
- FFP is often unavailable in rural areas, leading to suboptimal care in trauma and critical settings.
- Albumin Use:
- Albumin remains expensive and inconsistently available in lower-income areas.
Latin America (LATAM):
- Trauma Interventions:
- Plasma products are inconsistently available in rural regions, despite being standard care in urban trauma centers.
- Albumin:
- Use in emergency settings is increasing, though availability remains tied to healthcare infrastructure quality.
Eastern Europe:
- Trauma Plasma Use:
- Domestic plasma production is improving availability for trauma care, but rural areas still face logistical barriers.
Key Challenges and Opportunities
1.Affordability:
- High costs of clotting factors and immunoglobulins limit access in SEA, MEA, and LATAM.
2. Infrastructure:
- Plasma wastage due to inadequate fractionation facilities remains a significant issue in MEA and SEA.
3. Education:
- Increasing awareness about blood donation and the applications of plasma products could improve availability and patient outcomes.
4. Policy Support:
- Subsidized programs and expanded domestic production are critical to meeting growing demand in underserved regions.